{"id":33,"date":"2006-02-10T07:00:34","date_gmt":"2006-02-10T12:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.mathworks.com\/steve\/?p=33"},"modified":"2022-05-29T19:58:37","modified_gmt":"2022-05-29T23:58:37","slug":"all-about-pixel-colors-part-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.mathworks.com\/steve\/2006\/02\/10\/all-about-pixel-colors-part-3\/","title":{"rendered":"All about pixel colors: Scaled indexed images"},"content":{"rendered":"
\r\n<\/span>\r\n

Note<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

See the following posts for new or updated information about this topic:<\/p>\r\n

  • MATLAB image display - from data values to pixel colors<\/a><\/li>\r\n
  • MATLAB image display - truecolor and indexed images<\/a><\/li>\r\n
  • MATLAB image display - scaled indexed images<\/a><\/li>\r\n
  • MATLAB image display - grayscale and binary images<\/a><\/li>\r\n
  • MATLAB image display - autoscaling values with imshow<\/li>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    \r\n

    In my last post on pixel colors<\/a>, I described the truecolor and indexed image display models in MATLAB, and I promised to discuss an important variation on\r\n the indexed image model. That variation is the scaled indexed image,<\/b> and the relevant MATLAB image display function is imagesc<\/tt>.\r\n <\/p>\r\n

    Suppose, for example, we use a small magic square:<\/p>

    A = magic(5)<\/pre>
    \r\nA =\r\n\r\n    17    24     1     8    15\r\n    23     5     7    14    16\r\n     4     6    13    20    22\r\n    10    12    19    21     3\r\n    11    18    25     2     9\r\n\r\n<\/pre>
    Now let's display A<\/tt> using image<\/tt> and a 256-color grayscale colormap:\r\n   <\/p>
    map = gray(256);\r\nimage(A)\r\ncolormap(map)\r\ntitle('Displayed using image'<\/span>)<\/pre> 
    The displayed image is very dark. That's because the element values of A vary between 1 and 25, so only the first 25 entries\r\n      of the colormap are being used.  All these values are dark.\r\n   <\/p>\r\n   
    Compare that with using imagesc<\/tt>:\r\n   <\/p>
    imagesc(A)\r\ncolormap(map)\r\ntitle('Displayed using imagesc'<\/span>)<\/pre> 
    Here's what's going on.  The lowest value of A, which is 1, is displayed using the first colormap color, which is black. \r\n      The highest value of A, which is 25, is displayed using the last colormap color, which is white. All the other values between\r\n      1 and 25 are mapped linearly onto the colormap.  For example, the value 12 is displayed using the 118th colormap color, which\r\n      is an intermediate shade of gray.\r\n   <\/p>\r\n   
    You can switch colormaps on the fly, and the values of A will be mapped onto the new colormap.<\/p>
    colormap(jet)\r\ntitle('Scaled image using jet colormap'<\/span>)<\/pre> 
    Let's dig into the low-level Handle Graphics properties that are controlling these behaviors.  Image objects have a property\r\n      called CDataMapping.\r\n   <\/p>
    close all<\/span>\r\nh = image(A);\r\nget(h, 'CDataMapping'<\/span>)\r\nclose<\/pre>
    \r\nans =\r\n\r\ndirect\r\n\r\n<\/pre>
    You can see that its default value is 'direct'.  This means that values of A<\/tt> are used directly<\/b> as indices into the colormap.  Compare that with using imagesc<\/tt>:\r\n   <\/p>
    h = imagesc(A);\r\nget(h, 'CDataMapping'<\/span>)\r\nclose<\/pre>
    \r\nans =\r\n\r\nscaled\r\n\r\n<\/pre>
    The imagesc<\/tt> function creates an image whose CDataMapping property is 'scaled'.  Values of A<\/tt> are scaled<\/b> to form indices into the colormap. The specific formula is:\r\n   <\/p>\r\n   
     <\/p>\r\n   
    C is a value in A<\/tt>, and c_min and c_max come from the CLim property of the axes object.\r\n   <\/p>
    h = imagesc(A);\r\nget(gca, 'CLim'<\/span>)\r\nclose<\/pre>
    \r\nans =\r\n\r\n     1    25\r\n\r\n<\/pre>
    It's not a coincidence that the CLim (color limits) vector contains the minimum and maximum values of A.  The imagesc<\/tt> function does that by default.  But you can also specify your own color limits using an optional second argument to imagesc<\/tt>:\r\n   <\/p>
    imagesc(A, [10 15])\r\ncolormap(gray)\r\ntitle('imagesc(A, [10 15])'<\/span>)<\/pre> 
    10 (and values below 10) were displayed as black.  15 (and values above 15 were displayed as white.  Values between 10 and\r\n      15 were displayed as shades of gray.\r\n   <\/p>\r\n   
    Scaled image display is very important to engineering and scientific applications of image processing, because often what\r\n      we are looking at it isn't a \"picture\" in the ordinary sense.  Instead, it's an array containing measurements in some sort\r\n      of physical unit that's not related to light intensity.  For example, I showed this image in my first \"All about pixel colors\" post<\/a>:\r\n   <\/p>\r\n   
     <\/p>\r\n   
    This is a scaled-image display of a matrix containing terrain elevations in meters.<\/p>\r\n